An attack on a railway train carrying Muslim refugees during the Partition of India was carried out at Amritsar in Indian Punjab on 22 September 1947. Three thousand Muslim refugees were killed and a further one thousand wounded. Only one hundred passengers remained uninjured. These murders demonstrated that railway carriages provided very little protection from physical assault. After several such attacks on Muslim refugees by Sikhs armed with rifles, swords, and spears, the Government of Pakistan stopped all trains from the Indian Punjab to the Pakistani Punjab at the end of September 1947. The Sikh Jathas, which were ruthless, led the attacks for ethnically cleansing the Eastern Punjab of its Muslim population. Earlier in September, they had massacred 1,000 Muslim refugees on a Pakistan-bound train near Khalsa College, Amritsar. The violence was the most pronounced in the Indian East Punjab. Sir Francis Mudie who had become governor of the West Punjab in mid-August 1947, noted that a quick succession of attacks on refugee trains headed west to the border from Amritsar and Jullundur districts in East Punjab, India, between 21 and 23 September 1947 included one on a train aboard which every occupant was killed.
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